?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? (Georgia Tech) ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? (dye-sensitized solar cell) ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ?????????? Zhong Lin Wang ?? ???? ?????? ???????????: "??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? (external load)? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????." ???? Wang ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? Benjamin Weintraub ? Yaguang Wei ?? ??? ??????.

?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (dye molecules) ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? (nanowires) ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????.

???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? (active layer). ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? Wang ??????? ????? ???? 20 ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????.

??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? 3.3% ?????? ??? 8%? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? Wang ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????.